Referencing
HARVARD referencing guide
When writing a piece of work you will
need to refer in your text to material written produced
by others. This procedure is called citing or quoting
references. Consistency and accuracy are important
to enable readers to identify and locate the material
to which you have referred. The same set of rules
should be followed every time you cite a reference. You
need to ask your university which method of referencing
they require but most accept Harvard.
The Harvard System
CITATIONS WITHIN THE TEXT
QUOTATIONS
If the quote is less than a line it may be included
in the body of the text in quotation marks.
Longer quotations are indented and single-spaced
- quotation marks are not required.
For citations of particular parts of the document
the page numbers etc. should be given after
the year in parentheses.
Summaries or paraphrases give the citation where it
occurs naturally or at the end of the relevant piece
of writing.
Diagrams and illustrations should be referenced
as though they were a quotation if they have been
taken from a published work.
If details of particular parts of a document are
required, e.g. page numbers, they should be given
after the year within the parentheses.
Rules for citation in text for printed documents
also apply to electronic documents except where page
numbering is absent. If an electronic document
does not include page numbering or an equivalent
internal referencing system, the extent of the item
may be indicated in terms such as the total number
of lines, screens, etc., e.g. "[35 lines]" or "[approx.
12 screens]".
Quotations Examples
i)
Where the author's name is quoted as part of the sentence, the
year is given in parentheses.
e.g. In a popular study Harvey (1992) argued that
we have to teach good practices
e.g. As Harvey (1992, p.21) said, good practices must
be taught and so
ii) If the name is not
quoted as part of the sentence, both name and
year are given in parentheses:-
e.g. A more recent study (Stevens 1998) has shown
the way theory and practical work interact.
e.g. Theory rises out of practice, and once validated,
returns to direct or explain the practice (Stevens
1998).
iii) When
an author has published more than one cited document
in the same year, these are distinguished by adding
lower case letters (a,b,c, etc.) after the year and
within the parentheses:-
e.g. Johnson (1994a) discussed the subject
iv) If
there are two authors the surnames of both should
be given:-
e.g. Matthews and Jones (1997) have proposed that
v) If
there are more than two authors the surname of the
first author only should be given, followed by et
al.:-
e.g. Office costs amount to 20% of total costs in
most business (Wilson et al. 1997)
(A full listing of names should appear in the bibliography)
vi) If
the work is anonymous then Anon should be used:-
e.g. In a recent article (Anon 1998) it was stated
that
vii) If
it is a reference to a newspaper article with no author
the name of the paper can be used in place of Anon:-
e.g. More people than ever seem to be using retail
home delivery (The Times 1996)
(Use the same style in the bibliography)
viii) If
you refer to a source quoted in another source you
cite both in the text:-
e.g. A study by Smith (1960 cited Jones 1994) showed
that
(List only the work you have read, i.e. Jones, in
the bibliography.)
ix) If
you refer to a contributor in a source you cite just
the contributor:-
e.g. Software development has been given as the cornerstone
in this industry (Bantz 1995).
x) If
you refer to a person who has not produced a work,
or contributed to one, but who is quoted in someone
else's work it is suggested that you should mention
the person's name and you must cite the source author:-
e.g. Richard Hammond stressed the part psychology
plays in advertising in an interview with Marshall
(1999).
e.g. Advertising will always play on peoples' desires,
Richard Hammond said in a recent article (Marshall
1999, p.67) (Also list the work that has been
published, i.e. Marshall, in the bibliography)
Personal communications do not
provide recoverable data and so are not included in
the reference list.
Cite personal communications in the text only. Give
initials as well as the surname of the communicator
and provide as exact a date as possible.
e.g. Many designers do not understand the needs of
disabled people according to J. O. Reiss (personal
communication, April 18, 1997).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
At the end of a piece of work list references to documents
cited in the text. This list may be called a Bibliography
or References. You may be required to list references
not cited in the text but which make an important
contribution to your work. These are usually listed
under the heading of Further Reading.
In the Harvard System, the references are listed
in alphabetical order of author's names. If
you have cited more than one item by a specific author
they should be listed chronologically (earliest first),
and by letter (1993a, 1993b) if more than one item
has been published during a specific year.
Whenever possible, elements of a bibliographical reference
should be taken from the title page of the publication.
For place of publication give the city. If more
than one town/city is listed give the first one or
the location of the publishers head office. If the
town/city is not well known, you may in addition add
a county, region or state.
Always retain the words Books or Press. Where the
publisher is a university and the place or location
is included in the name of the university, do not
repeat the place of publication.
Each reference should use the elements and punctuation
given in the following examples for the different
types of published work you may have cited. Underlining
is an acceptable alternative to italics when bibliographies
are hand written.
Reference to a book
Author's SURNAME, INITIALS.
Year of publication
Title
Edition (if not the first)
Place of publication and Publisher.
e.g. MERCER, P.A. AND SMITH, G., (1993) Private
view data in the UK, 2nd ed, London, Longman.
Reference to a contribution in a book
Contributing author's SURNAME, INITIALS.,
Year of publication, Title of contribution, Followed
by In: INITIALS. SURNAME, of author or editor of
publication followed by ed. or eds. if relevant,
Title of book, Place of publication, Publisher,
Page number(s) of contribution.
e.g. BANTZ, C.R., 1995. Social dimensions of software
development. In: J.A. ANDERSON, ed. Annual review
of software management and development. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage, 502-510.
Reference to an article in a journal
Author's SURNAME, INITIALS., Year of publication.
Title of article. Title of journal, Volume number
and (part number), Page numbers of contribution.
e.g. EVANS, W.A., 1994. Approaches to intelligent
information retrieval. Information processing and
management, 7 (2), 147-168.
Reference to a newspaper article
Author's SURNAME, INITIALS., (or NEWSPAPER TITLE,)
Year of publication. Title of article. Title of newspaper,
Day and month, Page number/s and column number.
e.g INDEPENDENT, 1992. Picking up the bills. Independent,
4 June, p.28a.
Reference to a map
Originator's SURNAME, first name or initials, (may
be cartographer, surveyor, compiler, editor, copier,
maker, engraver, etc.) year of publication. Title,
Scale. (should be given normally as a ratio) Place
of publication: Publisher.
e.g. MASON, James, 1832. Map of the countries lying
between Spain and India, 1:8,000,000. London: Ordnance
Survey.
Reference to a conference paper
Contributing author's SURNAME, INITIALS., Year of
publication. Title of contribution. Followed by In:
INITIALS. SURNAME, of editor of proceedings (if applicable)
followed by ed. Title of conference proceedings including
date and
place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher,
Page numbers of contribution.
e.g. SILVER, K., 1991. Electronic mail: the new way
to communicate. In: D.I. RAITT, ed. 9th international
online information meeting, 3-5 December 1990 London.
Oxford: Learned Information, 323-330.
Reference to a publication from a corporate
body (e.g. a government department or other
organisation).
NAME OF ISSUING BODY, Year of publication. Title of
publication. Place of publication: Publisher, Report
Number (where relevant). e.g. UNESCO, 1993. General
information programme and UNISIST. Paris: Unesco,
(PGI-93/WS/22).
Reference to a thesis
Author's SURNAME, INITIALS., Year of publication.
Title of thesis. Designation, (and type). Name of
institution to which submitted.
e.g. AGUTTER, A.J., 1995. The linguistic significance
of current British slang. Thesis (PhD). Edinburgh
University.
Reference to a patent
ORIGINATOR, (name of applicant) Year of publication.
Title of patent. Series designation which may include
full date.
e.g. PHILIP MORRIS INC., 1981. Optical perforating
apparatus and system. European patent application
0021165 A1. 1981-01-07.
Reference to a video, film or broadcast
Title, Year. (For films the preferred date is the
year of release in the country of production.) Material
designation. Subsidiary originator. (Optional but
director is preferred, SURNAME in capitals) Production
details “ place: organisation.
e.g. Macbeth, 1948. Film. Directed by Orson WELLES.
USA: Republic Pictures.
e.g. Birds in the Garden, 1998. Video. London: Harper
Videos.
Programmes and series
The number and title of the episode should normally
be given, as well as the series title, the transmitting
organisation and channel, the full date and time of
transmission.
e.g. Yes, Prime Minster, Episode 1, The Ministerial
Broadcast, 1986. TV, BBC2. 1986 Jan 16.
e.g. News at Ten, 2001. Jan 27. 2200 hrs.
Contributions: individual items within
a programme should be cited as contributors.
e.g. BLAIR, Tony, 1997. Interview. In: Six O'clock
News. TV, BBC1. 1997 Feb 29. 1823 hrs.
ELECTRONIC MATERIAL
The British Standard BS 5605:1990 does not include
recommendations for electronic sources. The recommendations
in this document follow best practice in referencing
electronic resources and where possible follow the
guidance of the British Standard.
Reference to web pages/sites and e-books
Author's / Editor's SURNAME, INITIALS., Year. Title
[online]. (Edition). Place of publication, Publisher
(if ascertainable). Available from: URL [Accessed
Date].
e.g. HOLLAND, M., 2004. Guide to citing Internet sources
[online]. Poole, Bournemouth University. Available
from:
http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/guide_to_citing_internet_sourc.html
[Accessed 4 November 2004].
Reference to e-journals
Author's SURNAME, INITIALS., Year. Title. Journal
Title [online], volume (issue), location within host.
Available from: URL [Accessed Date].
Reference to mailbase/listserv e-mail lists
Author's SURNAME, INITIALS., Day Month Year. Subject
of message. Discussion List [online] Available from:
list e-mail address [Accessed Date].
e.g. BRACK, E.V., 2 May 2004. Re: Computing short
courses. Lis-link [online]. Available from:
jiscmail@jiscmail.ac.uk [Accessed 17
Jun 2004].
e.g. JENSEN, L.R., 12 Dec 1999. Recommendation of
student radio/tv in English. IASTAR [online].
Available from:
LISTSERV@FTP.NRG.DTU.DK [Accessed 29
Apr 2004].
It should be noted that items may only be kept
on discussion group servers for a short time and hence
may not be suitable for referencing. A local copy
could be kept by the author who is giving the citation,
with a note to this effect.
Reference to personal electronic communications
(e-mail)
Sender's SURNAME, INITIALS. (Sender's e-mail
address), Day Month Year. ubject of Message. e-Mail
to Recipient's INITIALS. SURNAME (Recipient's email
ddress).
e.g. LOWMAN, D. (
deborah_lowman@pbsinc.com), 4 Apr 2000.
RE: ProCite and nternet Refere. e-Mail to P. CROSS
(
pcross@bournemouth.ac.uk).
REFERENCE TO CD ROMS and DVDS
This section refers to CD-ROMs which are works in
their own right and not bibliographic databases.
Author's SURNAME, INITIALS., Year. Title [type of
medium CD-ROM]. (Edition). Place of publication,
Publisher (if ascertainable). Available from: Supplier/Database
identifier or number (optional) [Accessed Date] (optional).
e.g. HAWKING, S.W., 1994. A brief history of time:
an interactive adventure. [CDROM]. Crunch Media
CITING UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL
See BS 6371:1983. Citation of unpublished documents.
B.S.I. (Talbot Campus Library & Learning Centre
and Bournemouth House Library 028.7 BRI).
Remember that you must acknowledge your source
very time you refer to someone else's work. Failure
to do so amounts to plagiarism, which is against University
rules and is a serious offence.
This referencing guide is based on material on
the Bournemouth University Website
